巴赫 Johann Sebastian Bach
阅读数:974 发表于 2019-04-13 22:41
资料来源:百度百科
约翰·塞巴斯蒂安·巴赫(Johann Sebastian Bach)(1685年3月21日~1750年7月28日),巴洛克时期的德国作曲家,杰出的管风琴、小提琴、大键琴演奏家,世人普遍认为其是音乐史上最重要的作曲家之一,并尊称他为“西方近代音乐之父”,他也是西方文化史上最重要的人物之一。
巴赫出生于德国中部图林根州小城艾森纳赫的一个音乐世家,在有生之年是一位著名的宫廷乐长,在德国莱比锡圣多马教堂度过了最后27年的光阴。
巴赫把西欧不同民族的音乐风格融为一体,集意大利、法国和德国传统音乐中的精华,曲尽其妙,珠联璧合,天衣无缝。
巴赫自己在一生中并未享有盛名,而且在死后五十年中就已被世人遗忘。但是在近一个半世纪中他的名气却在不断地增长,一般认为他是西方音乐史中最伟大的两三位作曲家之一,而且有些人认为他是其中最伟大的作曲家。
家族渊源
约翰·塞巴斯蒂安·巴赫于1685年3月21日出生在德国中部杜林根森林的爱森纳赫。爱森纳赫依山势而建,地势高低起伏不平,由青石板铺路,是德国中部一个富有童话气息小山城。这个地方拥有着很深的音乐渊源,中世纪时,游吟诗人和宫廷乐手都在爱森纳赫进行表演和比赛,可以说它是德国音乐的发源地。
虽然这只是一个小城镇,可其中的市民们却酷爱音乐——据说该市古代的城门上刻着“音乐常在我们的市镇中照耀”的字样。中世纪的吟歌者经常手执竖琴,在这里吟唱诗歌并举行歌唱比赛,瓦格纳曾据此创作了著名歌剧《唐·豪塞》。而十六世纪的宗教改革家马丁路德,也在此将《圣经》译成德语。巴赫家族是地道的音乐世家,他的家庭早在他来世前许多年就已经在音乐界赫赫有名了。
他父亲是一位优秀的小提琴手,祖父的兄弟中有两位是具有天赋的作曲家,叔伯兄弟姐妹中有几位是颇受尊敬的音乐家。对于具有极高音乐天赋的小巴赫来说,在这样的家庭成长原是十分幸运的,然而命运之神却偏要找些麻烦:他9岁丧母,10岁丧父,只得靠大哥继续抚养。大哥教给了他很多宝贵的知识。但家里存放着大量音乐资料,兄长却不允许他翻阅学习,因为乐谱很珍贵,抄写的纸张也价格不菲。巴赫只得趁哥哥离家外出与深夜熟睡之际,在月光下偷偷地把心爱的曲谱一笔一划地抄下来,历时长达半年之久,因而大大损坏了他的视力,他的晚年在双目失明中痛苦地度过,直至去世。
离家闯荡
30岁时的巴赫
巴赫十五岁时只身离家,走上了独立生活的道路。他靠美妙的歌喉与出色的古钢琴、小提琴、管风琴的演奏技艺,被吕奈堡圣·米歇尔教堂附设的唱诗班录取,同时进入神学校学习。这里的图书馆藏有丰富的古典音乐作品,巴赫在其中全力汲取、融合着欧洲各种流派的艺术成就,开阔了自己的音乐视野。为了练琴,他常常彻夜不眠,通宵达旦。每逢假日,他都要步行数十里去汉堡聆听名家的演奏。
就业成名
1702年他从圣·米歇尔毕业,翌年在一家室内乐队当一名小提琴手,随后的二十年中他干过许多行当。巴赫在生前主要是以一位卓越的风琴家而闻名,虽然他还是一位作曲家、教师以及乐队指挥。1723年,巴赫三十八岁时,开始在莱比锡的圣·托马斯教堂任歌咏班领唱,他在余生的二十七年中一直担任此角。
魏玛时代(1708~1717)
巴赫演奏了其清唱剧《上帝是我的国王,BWV71》,同年辞职去接受一个报酬更为丰厚的职位:任魏玛公爵威廉.恩斯特的宫廷管弦乐师;1714年成为乐长。在威玛巴赫创作了大部分管风琴作品,也首次发现了维瓦尔第的音乐,开始了协奏曲的创作。1717年接受柯登的安哈尔特利奥波德亲王的乐正职位;但其辞职被威廉·恩斯特所阻挠,在免除其义务之前甚至还将他关押在狱中。
克滕时代(1717~1723)
在克滕的日子是巴赫一生中的黄金时代。此间他创作了被誉为“键盘乐的旧约圣经”的《平均律钢琴曲集》第一卷和在管弦乐发展史上堪称里程碑的《勃兰登堡协奏曲》等大量出色的世俗和宗教音乐;同时巴赫还在柯滕宫廷任职,柯滕宫的镜***非常华丽,还供有巴赫像。
1724年,巴赫的主人克滕亲王对音乐的兴趣似乎淡漠了,于是他辞去了宫廷中的职务,来到莱比锡出任圣托马斯教堂学校的乐监(音乐指导),在那里他度过了一生中余下的27年时间。
此后,克滕镇因为巴赫的音乐而充满活力:其合唱团自1906年起就沿用巴赫的名字、1935年创立的“巴赫音乐节”、1967年为纪念巴赫在这里供职250周年轮番举办了“巴赫音乐节”及“巴赫音乐比赛”,并将此作为传统延续至今,而当时的组织者也就此成立下来,即为今天的“克滕巴赫社团”。1983年克滕历史博物馆专门开放了“巴赫纪念馆”。
莱比锡时代(1723~1750)
莱比锡时期是巴赫一生中最漫长的一个时期,也是创作最多的时期。此时的巴赫无论演奏技巧还是作曲水平都已到了炉火纯青的地步。他在莱比锡谱写的杰作,有感人至深的《b小调弥撒》和《马太受难曲》,《平均律钢琴曲集》第二卷和体现他高深作曲造诣的《赋格的艺术》等。1747年,这位无冕音乐之王去波茨坦旅行时被另一位国王——普鲁士国王腓特烈二世召见,并进行了即兴演奏。在座的观众无不为之折服。第二年,巴赫把这次演奏的主题加以发展,写成了另一部总结他作曲和演奏艺术的作品—《音乐的奉献》。
在莱比锡,巴赫作为圣托马斯男声合唱团的指挥度过了27年,由于他长期用眼过度,巴赫视力减退,晚年患白内障失明,但他仍用口授的方式坚持创作。在逝世的前几天,他还在口授一首众赞歌《走向主的神坛》。乐曲每一个音符都表达出老人生前最后的虔诚祈祷,最后在第二十六小节处戛然而止,成了大师的绝笔之作。
1750年7月28日夜里,巴赫的一生画上了最后一个休止符,于莱比锡逝世。三天后,约翰·塞巴斯蒂安·巴赫在莱比锡圣约翰教堂墓地下葬。
婚姻子嗣
巴赫二十一岁时同大他一岁的的堂姐玛利亚·芭芭拉结为伉俪,他们一共生了七个孩子,但是当巴赫三十五岁时妻子不幸离世。翌年他鸾凤再续,可是他的第二个妻子非但不能帮助抚养头七个孩子,反而又给他生了十三个。巴赫死后只留下九个儿女,其中有四个成为著名的音乐家。
主要作品
巴赫的作品的目录中,使用的BWV,是德文“Bach Werke Verzeichnis”的缩写,意译即“巴赫作品目录”。这个分类体系由沃尔夫冈·史密德(Wolfgang Schmieder)完成于1950年。此分类法依据是体裁,而非作品的创作年代。
Title | BWV | Op. | No. | Inst. | Type |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
» Overture in the French style in B Minor, BWV 831 | 831 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Overture |
» Partita No. 1 in B♭ Major, BWV 825 | 825 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Partita |
» Partita No. 2 in C Minor, BWV 826 | 826 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Partita |
» Partita No. 3 in A Minor, BWV 827 | 827 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Partita |
» Prelude and Fugue No. 5 in D Major, BWV 850 | 850 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
» Prelude and Fugue No. 12 in F Minor, BWV 857 | 857 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
» Prelude and Fugue No. 1 in C Major, BWV 846 | 846 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
» Prelude and Fugue No. 2 in C Minor, BWV 847 | 847 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
» Prelude and Fugue No. 3 in C♯ Major, BWV 848 | 848 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
» Prelude and Fugue No. 4 in C♯ Minor, BWV 849 | 849 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
» Prelude and Fugue No. 6 in D Minor, BWV 851 | 851 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
» Prelude and Fugue No. 7 in E♭ Major, BWV 852 | 852 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
» Prelude and Fugue No. 8 in E♭ Minor, BWV 853 | 853 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
» Prelude and Fugue No. 9 in E Major, BWV 854 | 854 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
» Prelude and Fugue No. 10 in E Minor, BWV 855 | 855 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
» Prelude and Fugue No. 11 in F Major, BWV 856 | 856 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
» Prelude and Fugue No. 13 in F♯ Minor, BWV 858 | 858 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
» Prelude and Fugue No. 14 in F♯ Minor, BWV 859 | 859 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
» Prelude and Fugue No. 15 in G Major, BWV 860 | 860 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
» Prelude and Fugue No. 16 in G Minor, BWV 861 | 861 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
» Prelude and Fugue No. 17 in A♭ Major, BWV 862 | 862 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
» Prelude and Fugue No. 18 in G♯ Minor, BWV 863 | 863 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
» Prelude and Fugue No. 19 in A Major, BWV 864 | 864 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
» Prelude and Fugue No. 20 in A Minor, BWV 865 | 865 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
» Prelude and Fugue No. 21 in B♭ Major, BWV 866 | 866 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
» Prelude and Fugue No. 22 in B♭ Minor, BWV 867 | 867 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
» Prelude and Fugue No. 23 in B Major, BWV 868 | 868 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
» Prelude and Fugue No. 24 in B Minor, BWV 869 | 869 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
» Prelude and Fugue No. 1 in C Major, BWV 870 | 870 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
» Prelude and Fugue No. 19 in A Major, BWV 888 | 888 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
» Prelude and Fugue No. 20 in A Minor, BWV 889 | 889 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
» Prelude and Fugue No. 21 in B♭ Major, BWV 890 | 890 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
» Prelude and Fugue No. 22 in B♭ Minor, BWV 891 | 891 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
» Prelude and Fugue No. 23 in B Major, BWV 892 | 892 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
» Prelude and Fugue No. 24 in B Minor, BWV 893 | 893 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
» Prelude and Fugue No. 18 in G♯ Minor, BWV 887 | 887 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
» Prelude and Fugue No. 17 in A♭ Major, BWV 886 | 886 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
» Prelude and Fugue No. 16 in G Minor, BWV 885 | 885 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
» Prelude and Fugue No. 15 in G Major, BWV 884 | 884 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
» Prelude and Fugue No. 14 in F♯ Minor, BWV 883 | 883 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
» Prelude and Fugue No. 13 in F♯ Major, BWV 882 | 882 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
» Prelude and Fugue No. 12 in F Minor, BWV 881 | 881 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
» Prelude and Fugue No. 11 in F Major, BWV 880 | 880 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
» Prelude and Fugue No. 10 in E Minor, BWV 879 | 879 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
» Prelude and Fugue No. 9 in E Major, BWV 878 | 878 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
» Prelude and Fugue No. 8 in D♯ Minor, BWV 877 | 877 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
» Prelude and Fugue No. 7 in E♭ Major, BWV 876 | 876 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
» Prelude and Fugue No. 6 in D Minor, BWV 875 | 875 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
» Prelude and Fugue No. 5 in D Major, BWV 874 | 874 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
» Prelude and Fugue No. 4 in C♯ Minor, BWV 873 | 873 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
» Prelude and Fugue No. 3 in C♯ Major, BWV 872 | 872 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
» Prelude and Fugue No. 2 in C Minor, BWV 871 | 871 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prelude and Fugue |
» Partita No. 4 in D Major, BWV 828 | 828 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Partita |
» Partita No. 5 in G Major, BWV 829 | 829 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Partita |
» Partita No. 6 in E Minor, BWV 830 | 830 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Partita |
» Invention No. 14 in B♭ Major, BWV 785, No. 14 | 785 | - | 14 | - Piano Solo | Invention |
» Toccata No. 1, BWV 910 | 910 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Toccata |
» Toccata No. 2, BWV 911 | 911 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Toccata |
» Toccata No. 3, BWV 912 | 912 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Toccata |
» Toccata No. 4, BWV 913 | 913 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Toccata |
» Toccata No. 5, BWV 914 | 914 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Toccata |
» Toccata No. 6, BWV 915 | 915 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Toccata |
» Toccata No. 7, BWV 916 | 916 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Toccata |
» Chromatic Fantasia and Fugue in D Minor, BWV 903 | 903 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Fantasy |
» Little Prelude in C Major, BWV 939, No. 1 | 939 | - | 1 | - Piano Solo | Prélude |
» Little Prelude in E Minor, BWV 941, No. 3 | 941 | - | 3 | - Piano Solo | Prélude |
» Invention No. 1 in C Major, BWV 772, No. 1 | 772 | - | 1 | - Piano Solo | Invention |
» Invention No. 13 in A Minor, BWV 784, No. 13 | 784 | - | 13 | - Piano Solo | Invention |
» Little Prelude in D Major, BWV 925 | 925 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prélude |
» Sinfonia No. 6 in E Major, BWV 792, No. 6 | 792 | - | 6 | - Piano Solo | Invention |
» Sinfonia No. 7 in E Minor, BWV 793, No. 7 | 793 | - | 7 | - Piano Solo | Invention |
» English Suite, BWV 806, No. 1 | 806 | - | 1 | - Piano Solo | Suite |
» English Suite, BWV 807, No. 2 | 807 | - | 2 | - Piano Solo | Suite |
» English Suite, BWV 808, No. 3 | 808 | - | 3 | - Piano Solo | Suite |
» English Suite, BWV 810, No. 5 | 810 | - | 5 | - Piano Solo | Suite |
» English Suite, BWV 809, No. 4 | 809 | - | 4 | - Piano Solo | Suite |
» English Suite, BWV 811, No. 6 | 811 | - | 6 | - Piano Solo | Suite |
» Fantasia and Fugue in A Minor, BWV 904 | 904 | - | - | - Piano Solo | – |
» Italian Concerto, BWV 971 | 971 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Concerto |
» Suite in A minor, BWV 818 | 818 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Suite |
» French Suite in E Major, BWV 817, No. 6 | 817 | - | 6 | - Piano Solo | Suite |
» French Suite in G Major, BWV 816, No. 5 | 816 | - | 5 | - Piano Solo | Suite |
» French Suite in E♭ Major, BWV 815, No. 4 | 815 | - | 4 | - Piano Solo | Suite |
» French Suite in B Minor, BWV 814, No. 3 | 814 | - | 3 | - Piano Solo | Suite |
» French Suite in C Minor, BWV 813, No. 2 | 813 | - | 2 | - Piano Solo | Suite |
» French Suite in D Minor, BWV 812, No. 1 | 812 | - | 1 | - Piano Solo | Suite |
» Invention No. 2 in C Minor, BWV 773, No. 2 | 773 | - | 2 | - Piano Solo | Invention |
» Invention No. 3 in D Major, BWV 774, No. 3 | 774 | - | 3 | - Piano Solo | Invention |
» Invention No. 4 in D Minor, BWV 775, No. 4 | 775 | - | 4 | - Piano Solo | Invention |
» Invention No. 5 in E♭ Major, BWV 776, No. 5 | 776 | - | 5 | - Piano Solo | Invention |
» Invention No. 6 in E Major, BWV 777, No. 6 | 777 | - | 6 | - Piano Solo | Invention |
» Invention No. 7 in E Minor, BWV 778, No. 7 | 778 | - | 7 | - Piano Solo | Invention |
» Invention No. 8 in F Major, BWV 779, No. 8 | 779 | - | 8 | - Piano Solo | Invention |
» Invention No. 9 in F Minor, BWV 780, No. 9 | 780 | - | 9 | - Piano Solo | Invention |
» Invention No. 10 in G Major, BWV 781, No. 10 | 781 | - | 10 | - Piano Solo | Invention |
» Invention No. 12 in A Major, BWV 783, No. 12 | 783 | - | 12 | - Piano Solo | Invention |
» Invention No. 15 in B Minor, BWV 786, No. 15 | 786 | - | 15 | - Piano Solo | Invention |
» Invention No. 11 in G Minor, BWV 782, No. 11 | 782 | - | 11 | - Piano Solo | Invention |
» Sinfonia No. 15 in B Minor, BWV 801, No. 15 | 801 | - | 15 | - Piano Solo | Invention |
» Sinfonia No. 12 in A Major, BWV 798, No. 12 | 798 | - | 12 | - Piano Solo | Invention |
» Sinfonia No. 14 in B♭ Major, BWV 800, No. 14 | 800 | - | 14 | - Piano Solo | Invention |
» Sinfonia No. 13 in A Minor, BWV 799, No. 13 | 799 | - | 13 | - Piano Solo | Invention |
» Sinfonia No. 11 in G Minor, BWV 797, No. 11 | 797 | - | 11 | - Piano Solo | Invention |
» Sinfonia No. 10 in G Major, BWV 796, No. 10 | 796 | - | 10 | - Piano Solo | Invention |
» Sinfonia No. 8 in F Major, BWV 794, No. 8 | 794 | - | 8 | - Piano Solo | Invention |
» Sinfonia No. 9 in F Minor, BWV 795, No. 9 | 795 | - | 9 | - Piano Solo | Invention |
» Sinfonia No. 5 in E♭ Major, BWV 791, No. 5 | 791 | - | 5 | - Piano Solo | Invention |
» Sinfonia No. 4 in D Minor, BWV 790, No. 4 | 790 | - | 4 | - Piano Solo | Invention |
» Sinfonia No. 3 in D Major, BWV 789, No. 3 | 789 | - | 3 | - Piano Solo | Invention |
» Sinfonia No. 2 in C Minor, BWV 788, No. 2 | 788 | - | 2 | - Piano Solo | Invention |
» Sinfonia No. 1 in C Major, BWV 787, No. 1 | 787 | - | 1 | - Piano Solo | Invention |
» Little Prelude in D Minor, BWV 940, No. 2 | 940 | - | 2 | - Piano Solo | Prélude |
» Little Prelude in A Minor, BWV 942, No. 4 | 942 | - | 4 | - Piano Solo | Prélude |
» Little Prelude in C Major, BWV 943, No. 5 | 943 | - | 5 | - Piano Solo | Prélude |
» Little Prelude in E Minor, BWV 938 | 938 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prélude |
» Little Prelude in E Major, BWV 937 | 937 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prélude |
» Little Prelude in D Major, BWV 936 | 936 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prélude |
» Little Prelude in F Major, BWV 928 | 928 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prélude |
» Little Prelude in C Minor, BWV 934 | 934 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prélude |
» Little Prelude in D Minor, BWV 926 | 926 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prélude |
» Capriccio sopra la lontananza del suo fratello dilettissimo (Capriccio on the Departure of his Beloved Brother), BWV 992 | 992 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Caprice |
» Fugue in C Major, BWV 952 | 952 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Fugue |
» Fugue in C Major, BWV 953 | 953 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Fugue |
» Fantasia and Fugue in C Minor, BWV 906 | 906 | - | - | - Piano Solo | – |
» Little Prelude in F Major, BWV 927 | 927 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prélude |
» Little Prelude in G Minor, BWV 929 | 929 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prélude |
» Little Prelude in G Minor, BWV 930 | 930 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prélude |
» Little Prelude in A Minor, BWV 931 | 931 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prélude |
» Little Prelude in E Minor, BWV 932 | 932 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prélude |
» Little Prelude in C Major, BWV 924 | 924 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Prélude |
» Suite for Orchestra No. 1 in C Major, BWV 1066 | 1066 | - | - | Orchestra | Suite |
» Violin Concerto in A Minor, BWV 1041 | 1041 | - | - | Violin & Orchestra | Concerto |
» Violin Sonata No. 1 in G Minor, BWV 1001 | 1001 | - | - | Violin Solo | Sonata |
» Violin Partita No. 1 in B Minor, BWV 1002 | 1002 | - | - | Violin Solo | Partita |
» Violin Sonata No. 2 in A Minor, BWV 1003 | 1003 | - | - | Violin Solo | Sonata |
» Violin Partita No. 2 in D Minor, BWV 1004 | 1004 | - | - | Violin Solo | Partita |
» Violin Sonata No. 3 in C Major, BWV 1005 | 1005 | - | - | Violin Solo | Sonata |
» Violin Partita No. 3 in E Major, BWV 1006 | 1006 | - | - | Violin Solo | Partita |
» Violin Sonata in E Minor, BWV 1023 | 1023 | - | - | Violin & Piano | Sonata |
» Concerto for Violin and Oboe in C Minor | - | - | - | – | Concerto |
» Great Fantasia and Fugue in G Minor, BWV 542 | 542 | - | - | Organ | Prelude and Fugue |
» Suite for Cello No. 3, BWV 1009 | 1009 | - | - | – | Suite |
» Goldberg Variations, BWV 988 | 988 | - | - | - Piano Solo | Variation |
» Chorale, BWV 514 | 514 | - | - | - Piano Solo | –[6] |
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